Emigrated from China to Indonesia; got start selling biscuits at age 17. Created Asia Pulp & Paper, which defaulted on more than $10 billion in debt in 2001. Still has stakes in pulp, paper; also plantations, food. New venture, Smart Telecom, launched in September, offers phone calls for 45 rupiah (half a penny) a minute.
To compile this list we looked at shareholdings in publicly traded companies as well as in private company filings. For people with publicly traded fortunes net worths were calculated using current share prices and exchange rates. For privately held fortunes we estimated what they would be worth if public.